Preparation for Week Five: Launch of Coursework

Your coursework will be an analysis of texts using the Process and Semiotic Approach.

In preparation for next week, read Chapter Four from your coursebook: 'Toolkits: The Process amd Semiotic Approach' (pages 97 - 147)

Social Media and the End of Gender?

Check out this TED Lecture:

Johanna Blakley: Social media and the end of gender

The Concept of 'Self-Esteem'

Listen to these views about self-esteem.  What are their approaches to self-esteem?  Make notes while you listen!

http://www.ted.com/talks/thandie_newton_embracing_otherness_embracing_myself.html

http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p010hfpr

Article related to the radio programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20756247

Living Human Treasures and protection of intangible culture heritage

Ex) Korean Pottery – Apprenticeship culture

To preserve intangible Korean cultural heritage and culture, living human treasure, who has traditional experiences and knowledge, has been designated as a cultural asset. But this is not only beyond preserving traditional values but also elite education related to apprenticeship. Some Korean believes that arts can be preserved by and inherited from minority, who could create and enjoy arts. 

A sample from the canon: All The World's a Stage by William Shakespeare

All the World's a Stage

All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank, and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

William Shakespeare

Example of the 'Canon': L.V.Bethoven

                                                     

Ludwig van Beethoven (17 December 1770 - 26 March  1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works and songs.

Beethoven's stylistic innovations encompass two achievements. First, they brought the Classical form to its highest expressive level, expanding in formal, structural and harmonic terms the musical idiom developed by predecessors such as Mozart and Haydn. Additionally, they proved immensely influential over the musical language and thinking of the Romantic era, whether as a source of direct inspiration, as with the music of Richard Wagner and Johannes Brahms, or in terms of defining a musical reaction against his stylistic language, as with music of Mendelssohn.

I choose these because I always have been interested in classical music. Also I finish high school musical, which helped me to know more about different musical styles and famous compositors, like L.V.Bethoven.

Example from the 'Canon': Lysistrata by Aristophanes

    Lysistrata is a play written by Aristophanes, a comic playwriter from the ancient Athens. It is the story of women's extraordinary mission to end The Peloponnesian War. I personally enjoy this play because it represents the empowerment of women. I also think it is amazing how it is still valid nowadays. Here you have a simple example.

Example from the 'Canon': Music (Beethoven)

Music in the Canon

Beethoven (1712–73)

- the first and the prototypical – canonic composer of the European tradition

- Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music

- Famous pieces: 

• Symphony No. 5, Op. 67 (1st movement)
• Für Elise

Example from the 'Canon': Mona Lisa (from Celia)

It is an oil painting which is a half-length portrait of a woman by a very famous Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.  It is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506. It has been commented as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world''.

The facial expession of the woman described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.

It is now on permanent display at the Musee du Loure in Paris.



Why I chosse this for the example form Canon?

As I mention above, everyone knows and have heard about this drawing already.
This drawing has a very great deal of contribution to the art study nowadays.
Vinci had influenced and inspired many artist.

Example from the 'canon': Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach(1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist of the Baroque period. He enriched many established German styles through his skill in counterpoint, harmonic and motivicorganisation, and the adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France. Many of Bach's works are still known today, such as the Brandenburg Concertos, the Mass in B minor, the The Well-Tempered Clavier, his cantatas, chorales,partitas, Passions, and organ works. His music is revered for its intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty.

I chose this person because he is known as the father of classic music. I believe that almost all people admit this fact, so he must me the 'canon'. Also he lived in

Example from the 'Canon': Daffodils by William Wordsworth

Daffodils by William Wordsworth


I learnt this poem last year, since I studied English literature at high-school and I liked it soon.

Example from the 'Canon': The Great Tradition

The Canon: The Great Tradition by F. R. Leavis

 F. R. Leavis' The Great Tradition, first published in 1948. The date is important. It helps explain the central aim of the book, to determine the significance of the novel after the war, the atom bomb and the concentration camp. Leavis' central criterion for great writing, that it has "a vital capacity for experience, a kind of reverent openness before life, and a marked moral intensity" is a clear reaction to an age characterised by the ideologies of fascism and communism. Where they sought to define, control and close down, literature creates, explores and opens up.

The Great Tradition survives because it throws down the gauntlet in a way no other work of criticism does. Sadly, few bother to read it through. If they did, they would find far more to inspire, provoke and engage them than can be found in many a current work.

Example from the 'Canon': The Three Musketeers

The Three Musketeers is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, first serialized in March–July 1844. Set in the 17th century, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. D'Artagnan is not one of the musketeers of the title; those are his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, inseparable friends who live by the motto "all for one, one for all" (Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno in Latin phrase), a motto which is first put forth by d'Artagnan.
The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years Afterand The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the d'Artagnan Romances.
The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844.

Adaptations

Musical theatre (William Anthony McGuire in 1928, Xyndas in 1855, Visetti in 1871, Dionesi in 1888, de Lara in 1921 and Benatzsky in 1929), Films, Records, Games, Television, Comics

 

Influence on later works

In 1939, American author Tiffany Thayer published a book entitled Three Musketeers (Thayer, 1939). This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer's words, true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original. For example, the book opens with the scene of Milady's youth and how she came to be branded, and more development of her early character, making her later scheming more believable and understandable. Thayer's treatment of sex and sexual politics is more explicit than typical English translations of the original, occasionally leading to consternation when this book found its way to library children's sections and school libraries. The modern Chinese author Jin Yong is also said to have been influenced by his works. The Khaavren Romances by Steven Brust are fantasy novels heavily influenced by The Three Musketeers and its sequels—indeed they are almost a rewriting of the Dumas novels in a fantasy setting.

Example from the 'Canon': Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare

The play, set in Verona, begins with a street brawl between Montague
and Capulet supporters who are sworn enemies. The Prince of Verona
intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be
punishable by death. Later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about
marrying his daughter, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two
years (then he later orders Juliet to marry Paris) and invites him to
attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliet's nurse try to
persuade Juliet to accept Paris's courtship.

Meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montague's son, about
Romeo's recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from
unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulet's
nieces. Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at
the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead
meets and falls in love with Juliet. After the ball, in what is now
called the "balcony scene", Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and
overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her
family's hatred of the Montagues. Romeo makes himself known to her and
they agree to be married. With the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes
to reconcile the two families through their children's union, they are
secretly married the next day.

Juliet's cousin Tybalt, incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the
Capulet ball, challenges him to a duel. Romeo, now considering Tybalt
his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalt's
insolence, as well as Romeo's "vile submission," and accepts the duel
on Romeo's behalf. Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to
break up the fight. Grief-stricken and wracked with guilt, Romeo
confronts and slays Tybalt.

Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder
of Mercutio. The Prince, now having lost a kinsman in the warring
families' feud, exiles Romeo from Verona, with threat of execution
upon return. Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet's chamber,
where they consummate their marriage. Capulet, misinterpreting
Juliet's grief, agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to
disown her when she refuses to become Paris's "joyful bride." When she
then pleads for the marriage to be delayed, her mother rejects her.

Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help, and he offers her a drug that
will put her into a deathlike coma for "two and forty hours." The
Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan, so
that he can rejoin her when she awakens. On the night before the
wedding, she takes the drug and, when discovered apparently dead, she
is laid in the family crypt.

The messenger, however, does not reach Romeo and, instead, Romeo
learns of Juliet's apparent death from his servant Balthasar.
Heartbroken, Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the
Capulet crypt. He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet
privately. Believing Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in
the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be
dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, finding Romeo
dead, stabs herself with his dagger. The feuding families and the
Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence
recounts the story of the two "star-cross'd lovers". The families are
reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent
feud.

New Zealand Dialect- "The Kiwi Accent"

New Zealanders (the "Kiwis")find it irritating that foreigners say that their accents are just like those of Australians. If you have lived in New Zealand for some years, you will find out that they are different.

   

Local people of New Zealand like to think that their country has no accent (Actually almost every countries think they have no accent!) They will admit though that those from Southland have an accent that is a little bit different. This is because a large number of those that settled in this area were Scots. This is why they have a tendency to roll the "r" sound when they talk.

The Maori also pronounce in most of the New Zealand English, which makes New Zealand English a unique accent.

Here are some "Kiwis English":    

• But= "Buh"
• School= "Schoow"
• Wellington= "Wullington"

Pronounce words with short "e" sounds into long "e" sounds:

• Catch= "Cetch"
• Ready= "Reedy"

Sound of the "a" becomes a short "e" sound:

• sad= "sed"
• mat= "met"

The classic "day" and "die" misinterpretation is shared by both Kiwis and Aussies English.
"Nice day today, isn't it?" would sound like, "Nice die to die, isn't it?"

"Fish and Chips"

(Australian) "Feesh and cheeps"

(New Zealander) "Fush and Chups"

Italian Dialects

Italy is subjected to thousands of dialects. Each little village has got its own dialect, people are proud of their languages and habits and until few years ago they were not willing to code switching with the official Italian language. Besides, it is important to highlight the fact that every dialect is absolutely incomprehensible for that people from another city.

There are exactly 20 regions in Italy and there are 4 main groups of dialects: Galloitalico, Mediano, Meridionale, Meridionale estremo.

Each group has hundreds and hundreds of little spoken dialect.

Nowadays, dialects are spoken from an exclusive percentage of 15% people and in the last years, things have slightly changed and more people than before know more about the Italian grammar and speak it as well. More than 70 % of people who deal with strangers will not have problems to code switch his own dialect and start speaking a correct and common Italian.

I wrote down some examples of my own dialect from Milan:

Voeuja de lavorà saltom addòss che mì me spòsti = “Come to me desire of working so that I’ll move”

It is related to lazy people.

Te gh'ee l'oeucc pussee grand del boeucc = “Your eye is bigger than your stomach”

It is related to who usually eats too much or in general who exaggerates doing something.

Chinese Dialects

Chinese Language comprises many regional language varieties sometimes grouped together as the Chinese dialects, the primary ones being Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, and Min. These are not mutually intelligible, and even many of the regional varieties (especially Min) are themselves composed of a number of non-mutually-intelligible subvarieties. As a result, the majority of linguists typically refer to these so-called "varieties" as separate languages.

Chinese consists of several dialect continuums. Differences in speech generally become more pronounced as distances increase, with few radical breaks. However, the degree of change in intelligibility varies immensely depending on region. For example, the varieties of Mandarin spoken in all three northeastern Chinese provinces are mutually intelligible, but in the province of Fujian, where the use of the Min variety is dominant, the same variety has to be divided into at least 5 different subdivisions since the subdivisions are all mutually unintelligible to one another.

Chinese is distinguished by its high level of internal diversity, although all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese (depending on classification scheme), of which the most spoken, by far, is Mandarin (about 850 million), followed by Wu (90 million), Cantonese (70 million) and Min (50 million). Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and the Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms and some degree of intelligibility.



Mandarin (Standard Chinese) is the dominant variety, much more widely studied than the rest. Outside of China, the only two varieties commonly presented in formal courses are Mandarin and Cantonese. Inside China, second-language acquisition is generally achieved through immersion in the local language.

For Hong Kong people, we common use Cantonese (粤语/廣東話), the other varieties of Chinese. Cantonese is influential in Guangdong Province and Cantonese-speaking overseas communities, and remains one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macau (together with Portuguese).

Chinese people make a strong distinction between written language and spoken language. As a result the terms Zhongwen (中文) and Hanyu (汉语/漢語) in Chinese are both translated in English as "Chinese". Within China, it is common perception that these varieties are distinct in their spoken forms only, and that the language, when written, is common across the country.

The Chinese orthography centers on Chinese characters, hanzi, which are written within imaginary rectangular blocks, traditionally arranged in vertical columns, read from top to bottom down a column, and right to left across columns. Chinese characters are morphemes independent of phonetic change. Thus the number "one", "yi" in Mandarin, jat in Cantonese, all share an identical character "一". Vocabularies from different major Chinese variants have diverged, and colloquial non-standard written Chinese often makes use of unique "dialectal characters", such as "冇" and "係" for Cantonese, which are considered archaic or unused in standard written Chinese.

Written colloquial Cantonese has become quite popular in online chat rooms and instant messaging amongst Hong-Kongers and Cantonese-speakers elsewhere. Use of it is considered highly informal, and does not extend to many formal occasions.

More examples:

"Dream": 夢(Cantonese)/梦(Mandarin)

"Lion": 獅子(Cantonese)/狮子(Mandarin)

"Television": 電視(Cantonese)/电视(Mandarin)

"Good night": 早抖(Cantonese)/晚安(Mandarin)

"Morning": 朝頭早(Cantonese)/早上(Mandarin)

Nigerian Accents and Dialects (Pidgin English and Yoruba)

Nigeria consists of about 300 languages; this factor has gone a long way to distinguish particular accents and dialects from one another.

 Despite the multi-cultural state of the nation, Nigerians can communicate freely in “Pidgin English” rather than using the more business-like English language.  The dialect can sometimes be termed as “Broken English”.

The derivation of this name is due to the scrambling of Standard English, it consists of both English language and additional Nigerian words; to form this entirely different language.

 Questions such as “where do you think you are going, mate?!” could be translated as “Oga! Or my guy! (depending on the gender involved) where you tink (think) say you dey (they) go?!”  Pidgin English has different pronunciations from the Basic English language. Words containing ‘th’ are usually pronounced either without the letter ‘h’ or as letter “d” to avoid sounding “posh”. For instance, a question like: “how did the thing work; would be pronounced as “how did “d” “ting” work?”

Another dominant dialect in Nigeria comes from the “Yoruba’s” who are located in the south west of the country.  A typical Yoruba indigene either includes the letter ‘h’ unnecessarily or does not use them at all in sentences. An example of this in a sentence is:  I ope (hope) you understood the hessay (essay). 

South Korean Dialects

A number of different Korean dialects are spoken in the Korean peninsula. The peninsula is extremely mountainous, and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions. Most of the dialects are named for one of Korea's traditional Eight Provinces.(Wikipedia).

 

 

 

Since 1978, some researchers and professors, who were majoring in Korean language and linguistics, had tried to make South Korean dialects map. Finally, it was finished in 30 years in 2008. If you want further information about Korean dialects map, you can find this book, ‘한국언어지도, Korean Language Map, 2008’, in library.

 

 

These are good examples about South Korean dialects in each region.

‘Oksusu’ - corn

Seoul area (standard language) : Oksusu

Chungchung dialects : Oksuggang, Oksiki or Oksusu

Jeolla dialects : Gangnaeng-I, Kkangnaeng-I, Gangnang, or Gangnangsuki etc

Kyoungsando dialects: Oksuku or Gangnanggu etc

Kangwon dialects: Oksiki

Jeju daialects: Gangnang-Daejuk or Gangnang-Daechuck

 

Lee Ik-sub, Seoul national university professor, said that this research about South Korean dialects contributed to preserve our own regional language.

 

I hope the near future that we can study and research about North Korean dialects.

 

 

 

 

Celia Chan Sze Wing

Teochew Language is one of the dialects in China. This language is mainly found in eastern Guangdong. However, since many Teochew diaspora in many region around the wrold, you can still find people speak in Teochew Language in other places . Its characteristic is that it involves many old chinese archaic pronounciation and vocabulary which many of them have been lost in modern dialects. Therefore, it has been commented as one of the conservative Chinese diaect.

People who know Cantonese are much easier to learn. It has the same words as Mandarin when writing. Also, it has the smiliar grammar to Cantonese and Mandarin., usually subject-verb-object (though sometimes subject-object-verb pattern is also exsist ) ,as well as six tones when pronoun words.

The personal pronouns in Teochew,  我 [ua] means both I and me and 伊人 [i naŋ] means they and them. The southern Min dialects, like some northern dialects, have a distinction between an inclusive and exclusive. we, meaning that when the addressee is being included, the inclusive pronoun 俺 [naŋ] would be used, otherwise 阮 [ŋ].

Here are some examples:

本書是我
 [puŋ˥˨ tsɤ˧ si˧˥ ua˥˨ kai˥]
The book is mine.

伊分人刣掉
[i˧ puŋ˧ naŋ˥ tʰai˥ tiau˩]
s/he was killed (by someone)

只間物上頂好食。
[tsi2 kõĩ1 mueʔ8 siaŋ5 teŋ2 ho2 tsiaʔ8]
This (restaurant) is (absolutely) the most delicious.

伊人對我上好。
[i1 naŋ5 tui3 ua2 siaŋ5 ho2]
They treat me best.

Sammie Tsang Lok Man

Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a language that originated in the Canton (i.e., Guangzhou) in southern China. It is spoken by the majority of people in Hong Kong and Macau.

  Because Hong Kong is an international city, many different cultures exist in Hong Kong, so our language usually mixed with the words that is from other languages, especially we use English words and Cantonese in sentences.

  Cantonese shares much vocabulary with Mandarin, the two languages are not really the same because of pronunciation and grammatical differences. Sentence structure, in particular the placement of the verb, sometimes differs between the two languages. The use of vocabulary in Cantonese also tends to have more historic roots. The most notable difference between Cantonese and Mandarin is how the spoken word is written; Mandarin the spoken word is the same as written words, while Cantonese may not has the written word direct with the spoken words. This results in the situation in which a Mandarin and Cantonese text almost look the same, but both are pronounced differently.

Here are the examples of some dialects of Cantonese:

上堂: have lesson

班房: classroom

冷氣: air conditioner

巴士: bus

溫書: revise

janice's dialect and accents work

Beijing dialect, or Pekingese is the dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing, China. It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese, which is used by the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Singapore.

The phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical.  but there are still some differences.Most prominent is the proliferation of rhotic vowels. All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the -儿 /-ɻ/, a noun suffix, except for a few words pronounced /ɑɻ/ that do not have this suffix. In Standard Chinese, these also occur but much less often than they appear in Beijing dialect. Moreover, Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too "colloquial" for use in Standard Chinese. For example, in fast speech, initial consonants go through lenitionif they are in an unstressed syllable:不知道 bùzhīdào "don't know" can sound like bùrdào; 赶紧去 gǎnjǐnqù"go quickly" can sound like gǎnyǐnqù; 

Examples:

消停 xiāoting – to finally and thankfully become quiet and calm

上 shang - often used in place of 去, meaning "to go".

搓火儿 cuōhuǒr – to be angry

抠门儿 kōumér – stingy, miserly

劳驾 láojia – "Excuse me"; heard often on public transportation

Younger speakers

爽 shuǎng – cool (in relation to a matter); cf. 酷 (kù) (describes a person)

小蜜 xiǎomì – special female friend (negative connotation)

Venezuelan Indigenous Dialects

   After Spanish colonization, the diversity of indigenous dialects in Venezuela was dramatically reduced, as a consequence of the introduction of Spanish as the official language of the province. Just a few isolated tribes around the country were able to keep their dialects and, nowadays, they represent the only heritage of an almost extinct culture.

    According to a census made by the Venezuelan Government in 2012, there are about 31 indigenous dialects in Venezuela and around 725.000 native speakers. Furthermore, and in order to preserve these dialects, the government included them as official languages in the constitution of the country.

   

   The two most spoken indigenous dialects in Venezuela are Wayunnaiki and Pemón.

Wayunnaiki

    This dialect is original from the Wayuu tribe, located in the northeast of the country. It is constituted by 22 consonants and 5 vowels, and is spoken for around 400.000 people.  To promote and spread the Wayunnaiki, in 2000, the government of the region created a bilingual newspaper called The Wayunnaki, where people can, not only read the news around the country, but also learn about this dialect throughout simple exercises. These are a few examples: 

Wayunnaiki numbers (1 to 10)

One= wane, waneesia

Two= piama

Three= apünüi

Four=pienchi

Five=jarai

Six= aippirua

Seven= akaratachi

Eight= mekiisat

Nine= mekietsat

Ten= poloo

    For further information about this dialect, please visit Wayyuunkeera, a trilingual guide (wayunnaiki-spanish-english) to learn Wayunnaiki, made by the own indigenous of the region and available for free on the Internet.

Pemón

    Pemón is the second more spoken indigenous dialect in Venezuela with around 30.000 native speakers. It is original from the Pemón tribe, located in the southeast of the country, and its name means people or man. This dialect is constituted by 14 consonants and 7 vowels, and it has not articles in its syntax.

    This dialect was based in the oral tradition and, as a consequence, there are no written registers of this culture before the 20th century, when the missionary Cesáreo de Armellana created the first Pemón grammar and a Spanish-Pemón dictionary.

    These are a few random examples taken from the dictionary in its 5^th edition: 

Arimaraka= dog

Awarö= ugly

Ekün= animal

Meru= jump of wáter

Potoruto= God

Poito= nephew

Püsau= glass

Chiröwarö=now

Tuma=food

Wayare=bag

Würüi= woman

Warpö= darkness

   The Wayunnaiki and Pemón are just two of the large number of indigenous dialects spoken in Venezuela.  Others examples are Warao, Arawak or Yanomami.

    Finally, it is necessary to highlight the importance of preserve these dialects as the cultural heritage of our ancestors, but more important, a fundamental part of the Venezuelan cultural identity.

Alexandra Coronado.